Vehicle classification in intelligent transport systems: an overview, methods and software perspective

Vehicle Classification (VC) is a key element of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Diverse ranges of ITS applications like security systems, surveillance frameworks, fleet monitoring, traffic safety, and automated parking are using VC. Basically, in the current VC methods, vehicles are classified locally as a vehicle passes through a monitoring area, by fixed sensors or using a compound method. This paper presents a pervasive study on the state of the art of VC methods. We introduce a detailed VC taxonomy and explore the different kinds of traffic information that can be extracted via each method. Subsequently, traditional and cutting edge VC systems are investigated from different aspects. Specifically, strengths and shortcomings of the existing VC methods are discussed and real-time alternatives like Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are investigated to convey physical as well as kinematic characteristics of the vehicles. Finally, we review a broad range of soft computing solutions involved in VC in the context of machine learning, neural networks, miscellaneous features, models and other methods

A comprehensive survey on cooperative intersection management for heterogeneous connected vehicles

Nowadays, with the advancement of technology, world is trending toward high mobility and dynamics. In this context, intersection management (IM) as one of the most crucial elements of the transportation sector demands high attention. Today, road entities including infrastructures, vulnerable road users (VRUs) such as motorcycles, moped, scooters, pedestrians, bicycles, and other types of vehicles such as trucks, buses, cars, emergency vehicles, and railway vehicles like trains or trams are able to communicate cooperatively using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and provide traffic safety, efficiency, infotainment and ecological improvements. In this paper, we take into account different types of intersections in terms of signalized, semi-autonomous (hybrid) and autonomous intersections and conduct a comprehensive survey on various intersection management methods for heterogeneous connected vehicles (CVs). We consider heterogeneous classes of vehicles such as road and rail vehicles as well as VRUs including bicycles, scooters and motorcycles. All kinds of intersection goals, modeling, coordination architectures, scheduling policies are thoroughly discussed. Signalized and semi-autonomous intersections are assessed with respect to these parameters. We especially focus on autonomous intersection management (AIM) and categorize this section based on four major goals involving safety, efficiency, infotainment and environment. Each intersection goal provides an in-depth investigation on the corresponding literature from the aforementioned perspectives. Moreover, robustness and resiliency of IM are explored from diverse points of view encompassing sensors, information management and sharing, planning universal scheme, heterogeneous collaboration, vehicle classification, quality measurement, external factors, intersection types, localization faults, communication anomalies and channel optimization, synchronization, vehicle dynamics and model mismatch, model uncertainties, recovery, security and privacy

Modeling and evaluation of the impact of motorcycles mobility on vehicular traffic

Traffic simulation can help to evaluate the impact of different mobility behaviors on the traffic flow from safety, efficiency, and environmental views. The objective of this paper is to extend the SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) road traffic simulator to model and evaluate the impact of motorcycles mobility on vehicular traffic. First, we go through diverse mobility aspects and models for motorcycles in SUMO. Later, we opt for the most suitable mobility models of motorcycles. Finally, the impact of motorcycle mobility on different kinds of vehicles is investigated in terms of environment, fuel consumption, velocity and travel time. The result of modeling and evaluation shows that based on the mobility model of the motorcycle, vehicular traffic flow can be enhanced or deteriorated

Distributed vehicular communication protocols for autonomous intersection management

Intersections are considered to be a vital part of urban transportation and drivers are prone to make more mistakes, when driving through the intersections. A high percentage of the total fatal car accidents leading to injuries are reported within intersections annually. On the other side, there usually is traffic congestion at intersections during busy times of day. Stopping the vehicles in one direction to let the vehicle pass in the other directions leads to this phenomenon and it has a huge effect on traffic delay, which causes great squander in natural and human resources as well as leading to weather pollution in metropolises. The goal of this paper is to design and simulate different spatio-temporal-based algorithms for autonomous connected vehicles to be able to cross the intersection safely and efficiently. Vehicles employ vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication via dedicated short range communications (DSRC) [4, 1] to exchange their kinematic information with each other. The proposed algorithms are compared to each other as well as with traditional methods like traffic lights in terms of various performance metrics such as traffic congestion, speed and especially delay to find the optimal control approach for autonomous intersection management

Cloud Computing and Sustainability: Energy Efficiency Aspects

Cloud computing promises a new era of service delivery and deployment in such a way that every person can access any kind of services like storage, application, operating system and so on from anywhere any time using any device having internet connection. Cloud computing opens new possibilities approaching sustainable solutions to deploy and advance their services upon that platform. Sustainability of Cloud computing is to be addressed in terms of environmental and economic effects.In this thesis we explore the energy efficient approaches inside data centres from the site and IT infrastructure perspective incorporating Cloud networking from the access network technologies and network equipment point of view to give a comprehensive prospect toward achieving energy efficiency of Cloud computing. Traditional and Cloud data centres would by compared to figure out which one is more recommended to be deployed. Virtualization as heart of energy efficient Cloud computing that can integrates some technologies like consolidation and resource utilization has been introduced to prepare a background for implementation part. Finally approaches for Cloud computing data centres at operating system and especially data centre level are presented and Green Cloud architecture as the most suitable green approach is described in details. In the experiment segment we modelled and simulated Facebook and studied the behaviour in terms of cost and performance and energy consumption to reach a most appropriate solution

OSPF Multi-Area With Virtual Links, EIGRPRedistribution

In this report we demonstrate the task of implementing a network consist of multi-area OSPF, including virtual link between OSPF areas with EIGRP redistribution. We accomplished this with four routers and six OSPF areas while two routers are working with both [EIGRP and OSPF] and two are dealing with OSPF. For establish connectivity between areas we use virtual links and redistribution to handle traffic between two different protocols

QOS For Multimedia Applications with Emphasize on Video Conferencing

Over the past few years, the fast growth of internet made it a new target for some operators which decided to use it as a new infrastructure to offer their services such as voice and video to the customers via internet. In order to fulfill this, they developed multimedia applications which changed the nature of traffic over the internet. As a result, it seemed that there is a need to a new mechanism to guarantee the quality of service. Therefore, to make these applications widely used, QOSr equirements must be met. In this article we are going to talk about the QOS challenges specifically for video conferencing as a multimedia application, and we try to explain how to reach the appropriate quality for this applications in a congested network

QOS For Multimedia Applications with Emphasize on Video Conferencing

Over the past few years, the fast growth of internet made it a new target for some operators which decided to use it as a new infrastructure to offer their services such as voice and video to the customers via internet. In order to fulfill this, they developed multimedia applications which changed the nature of traffic over the internet. As a result, it seemed that there is a need to a new mechanism to guarantee the quality of service. Therefore, to make these applications widely used, QOSr equirements must be met. In this article we are going to talk about the QOS challenges specifically for video conferencing as a multimedia application, and we try to explain how to reach the appropriate quality for this applications in a congested network